The Battle Of The Civil War - 2196 Words

The Civil War was the bloodiest, most severe war with the greater part of America s history. It sets kin against kin and father against tyke and realized a bigger number of passings than most of America s war before or since combined. The purpose behind the Civil War was no single event or action, regardless, a mix of various events and exercises. It was a sort of snowball effect, in any case this snowball had a stone in within - subjection. Oppression was likely the greatest single contributor to the opinions of ruthlessness and scorn between the North and South. Exchange events that incited the normal war are what really drove people over the edge, and some were more convincing than others. The first of these was the Compromise of†¦show more content†¦This idea got the chance to be known as Surely understood Sovereignty. The response for the issues showed was devised by Henry Clay. He suspected that California should be going into the Union as a free state and all other dr awing nearer locales would vote. He moreover proposed more stringent Fugitive Slave Laws and the removal of slave trade from the District of Columbia. To wrap things up consolidated into this exchange off was the course of action to settle the points of confinement of Texas and acknowledge its $10 million commitment. The accompanying issue that incited the Civil war was the Dred Scott Decision. Dred Scott was a dull slave that lived for quite a while in Illinois with his ruler. He sued for his chance in perspective of his drawn out keep centered soil. The Supreme Court heard the case and chose that consequent to Dred Scott was a dim slave, he was not a national and along these lines not allowed to sue. The Court took the choice further, saying that consequent to a slave was property, they could be taken into any space and be held there under the laws of enslavement. The choice relied on upon the fifth change, which denied Congress the benefit to strip people of their property withou t due method of law. Southerners were fulfilled by the triumph for the circumstance, however abolitionists all over were sickened at the possibility that subjugation could honestly spread

Helping Children with Manners Free Essays

Manners are constantly changing from one century or one generation to the next. For example, a handshake originally was meant to show that men were not carrying a sword or dagger in their hands. Men still tip their hats because once knights in armor lifted the visors of their helmets to show their faces. We will write a custom essay sample on Helping Children with Manners or any similar topic only for you Order Now And it wasn’t too many years ago that a man almost always got up in a crowded bus and gave his seat to a woman. Nevertheless, certain manners do survive from one decade to the next, and this is because manners make life easier for everybody. There are three important ideas behind the good manners we use today: custom, consideration, and common sense. Custom is the habit of doing certain things like shaking hands and tipping hats mentioned above. Consideration is the most important idea behind all good manners. Almost always, being considerate is being well-mannered. Consideration is simply thinking about the way the other person feels. Being rude to someone are bad manners, not because a book says so, but because it causes hurt feelings. Nearly all good manners have in element of common sense. If you are standing in the rear of a crowded elevator, it’s neither reasonable-nor good manners-to try pushing your way to the front so you can get out first. These are the basic ideas we want to teach our children when we are trying to instill good manners-simple kindness, consideration, and common sense.   The following suggestions written for and directed to children may give some added authority in the matter of what is common courtesy and what is not. Manners at Home Home is where you learn to get along with people. ‘Me closer you live with other people, the more important good manners are. Everybody in a household should respect the rights and feelings of everybody else. Try to listen when others in the family have something to say. Even a little brother or sister who can’t yet read or a grandmother who seems quite old has a right to an opinion. It is important for members of a family to consider each other’s privacy. No matter how crowded a home is, everyone in it has a right to some place that is his own. Here are some privacy don’ts: Don’t open a closed door until you have knocked and waited for permission to enter. Don’t go into anyone else’s bureau, desk, box, or papers at home or anywhere else without his permission. Don’t read anyone’s mail or anything he has written (for example, a diary) unless he asks you to. Don’t discuss the private affairs of your family with outsiders or tell about a family problem. Another important part of family good manners is sharing. You share the TV set and the telephone and the bathroom and maybe a bedroom or a closet or a desk. You share the work. This means cleaning up after you and sharing the responsibility for the safety of everyone in the house. Telephone Manners Always give the person you are calling plenty of time to get to the phone before you hang up. If the person who answers is not the one you want, give your name and ask if you may speak to the person you’ve called. Ask, â€Å"May I speak to Tommy?† not â€Å"Is Tommy home!† If he isn’t in, you may leave a message. If someone dials your number accidentally, accept his apology. Everyone sometimes dials a wrong number. No one intends to. If you accidentally dial a wrong number, excuse yourself. It is considerate to make phone calls at a time when they will not disturb people. Try not to call too early in the morning (before about 9:00) or too late at night (after about 9:30). Try not to call at mealtime. It’s handy to keep a pencil and paper near the phone. If someone calls a member of the family who is not at home, ask the caller if he would Ilk to leave a message. If he does, be sure to get his name and number. 7 if you take a message are sure to remember to deliver it! Table Manners Most families have established their own table manners that are important to them. Here are a few that should be remembered when you are at home and when you are a guest Never reach for any food that is not right in front of you. Ask someone to pass it. And if you are passing something, don’t help yourself along the way. If your food is too hot, wait for it to cool. Don’t blow on it. If you put something in your mouth that’s too hot, don’t spit it out. Reach for your water and take a quick swallow. Don’t talk with your mouth full. Bring your food up to your mouth rather than bending over to reach it. There are a few additional rules for eating in a restaurant: Don’t be upset if you spill something. It happens all the time. The waiter will clean it up. Don’t pick up your silverware if you drop it on the floor. Ask the waiter to replace it for you. Don’t put packages or handbags on the table. Don’t comb your hair at the table. Don’t use a toothpick in public. Being a Guest We all know that we have certain responsibilities when we are the host or hostess. But there are responsibilities when one is guests that are equally important. Here are a few of them: Don’t go visiting unless you’re expected. Don’t overstay your invitation. Don’t expect to be waited on. Offer to help. Don’t plan to stay overnight without consulting the hostess and your parents. Don’t upset the family’s routine. Try to fit in and (your part. Don’t make extra work. Make your bed, straighten up after yourself. Be sure to say thank you for a meal or an overnight visit at a friend’s house. Manners on the Street Unless you are at home or at a friend’s house, you are on public property. Bemuse this property is used by many people, it is especially important that everyone use common sense and good manners. Here are some street don’ts: Don’t walk in bunches so that you block others. Don’t stop to chat in the middle of the sidewalk. Step to the side so that people won’t have to move around you. Don’t stare at or make fun of anyone, no matter how strange he may look. Don’t be a litterbug. Don’t mark on buildings or other public property. If you bump into someone or step on his toe, say you’re sorry. A Final Note to Parents You have most likely already dealt with most of the above suggestions with your child. However, when it comes to manners, children need frequent reminders. One of the best ways to teach manners is to role-play; the parent takes the role of host or hostess, guest, salesperson, someone at the other end of the telephone, etc. This reduces the child’s conception that the parent is nagging, and it is a technique that works. Website: www.childdevelopmentinfo.com How to cite Helping Children with Manners, Essay examples

Toys R Us free essay sample

It is an attractive industry from the incumbent’s perspective. The market as it is has no particular participant who enjoys the largest market share consistently such that getting a bit of the market share would be difficult and there is still energy among the consumers for a new player in the market. Many of them are still open to the presence of another industry player who may offer even more competitive prices that Wal-Mart. The industry is anyone’s game at this point in time and the best player with the best of everything will get the biggest market share. 2) Describe and evaluate Eyler’s strategy for turning Toys’R’Us around. John Eyler’s business strategy was simple. He had noted that Toys ‘R’ Us had lower in-store stock levels than usual (stores consistently ran out of stock on 30 percent of its items) and also that the customers were unhappy with regards to the customer service at Toys ‘R’ Us (ranked tenth out of fifteen on such measures of service). We will write a custom essay sample on Toys R Us or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In response to these dilemmas, Eyler decided to stock the top 1,500 toys (which make up 66 percent of the chain’s sales) to eliminate low and empty inventory. He also enhanced customer service by remodeling the stores, introducing new merchandise and putting more focus on customer service, staff training and wage increases. Within the stores he specifically changed the product design into cul-de-sacs and increased the customer service attendants by four times. A good business strategy addresses the needs of the customer, lays good ground work for the implementation of the strategy, makes us of genuine competencies and makes a contribution to competitive advantage. Customer need is the single biggest driver of a business strategy and therefore the strategy should endeavor to develop mechanisms that will satisfy the customer while at the same time keep the company profitable and maintain a larger market share than its competitors. Eyler did just that by implementing a number of predetermined measures geared towards satisfying customer needs. Eyler successfully made use of the competencies he had and trained where there was need, remodeled the stores and increased customer service manpower; he understood the needs of the different groups and directly addressed the customer’s needs by implementing all the measures geared towards attracting customers and giving them an unforgettable experience at Toys ‘R’ Us. The second driver of business strategy is competence of the enterprise. Eyler evaluated the resources and capabilities available. He realized a need to educate the staff and the management, specifically for personnel hiring. He was then successful in identifying a unique competence that made Toys ‘R’ Us different from its competitors. He had staff members at the stores occasionally wear a bright red shirt or a funny hat; this helped create the kind of environment that is attractive to customer. Although Eyler adopted a good business strategy, it lacked a key component. There was need for an active and aggressive advertisement to create awareness of the new changes and dispel the bad taste that many customers had developed. With the active advertisement it would have been easier and much faster to achieve the growth he hoped for.

William Shakespeare wrote the Tragedy of Macbeth in approximately 1606 AD Essay Example For Students

William Shakespeare wrote the Tragedy of Macbeth in approximately 1606 AD Essay William Shakespeare wrote the Tragedy of Macbeth in approximately 1606 AD. He loosely based it on a historical event occurring around 1050 AD. Macbeth is the story of a nobleman, who, while trying to fulfill a prophecy told to him by three witches, murders his King to cause his ascension to the throne of Scotland. After the Kings murder, Macbeth reigns as a cruel and ruthless tyrant, who is forced to kill more people to keep control of the throne. Finally, Scottish rebels combined with English forces attack Macbeths castle, and Macbeth is killed by a Scottish Thane named Macduff who has sacrificed everything to see peace return to Scotland. In the play, the word blood is mentioned numerous times. Shakespeares use of this particular word is significant; he uses it to develop the character of Macbeth and the unfolding events of the drama. The powerful symbolic meaning of blood changes from the beginning to the end. We will write a custom essay on William Shakespeare wrote the Tragedy of Macbeth in approximately 1606 AD specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Near the beginning of the play, after Macbeth and the Scottish army defeated the rebel Macdonwalds army, a bleeding sergeant comes on stage. The sergeant then proceeds to describe the battle and how bravely Macbeth and his friend Banquo fought, For brave Macbeth-well he deserves that name- / Disdaining fortune, with his brandishd steel / Which smokd with bloody execution, / Like valors minion carvd out his passage Act I, Scene 2, Lines 19-21 Blood is symbolic of bravery and courage in this passage. Blood shed for a noble cause is good blood. However, Macbeths character changes throughout the play are characterized by the symbolism in the blood he sheds. Before Duncans murder, Macbeth imagines seeing a dagger floating in the air before him. He describes it, And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood, / Which was not so before. Theres no such thing: / It is the bloody business which informs / Thus to mine eyes. The blood imagery in this passage obviously refers to treason, ambition, and murder. This is a stark contrast to what blood meant earlier in the play. Blood, once seen as a positive value, is now associated with evil. This imagery also shows the beginning of Macbeths character transformation from a personage of nobility, honesty, and bravery to that of treachery, deceit, and evil. After Macbeth murders Duncan, he begins to realize the severity of his crime as he tries to wash Duncans blood off his hands, Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand? No; this hand will rather / The multitudinous seas incarnadine, / Making the green one red. Act II, Scene 2, Lines 71-75 This passage illustrates the act of murder has changed Macbeths character. No longer does the blood connote an image of ambition; it now symbolizes guilt, remorse, and an entry into the gates of hell from which no one can return. Macbeth laments that not even all the water in the ocean will wash the blood off his hands, he is beginning to realize the magnitude of his crime, and that he has done something truly evil. This same blood symbolism continues when Macbeth, shortly after he sees the ghost of the murdered Banquo at his feast, goes into a state of shock and has to be escorted back to his chamber by Lady Macbeth. He tells Lady Macbeth before he goes to sleep, All causes shall give way: I am in blood / Steppd in so far that, should I wade no more, / Returning were as tedious as go oer: Act III, Scene 4, Lines 159-161 We now find that Macbeth has entered so far into hell and the world of evil, it is impossible for him to return to righteousness. He will be forced to kill more and more people in order to retain control of the throne. The sins he has committed have not only perverted his virtuous life, but have condemned him to an eternity in hell. .u80c984fecd044dcdb8e10e679c7ec009 , .u80c984fecd044dcdb8e10e679c7ec009 .postImageUrl , .u80c984fecd044dcdb8e10e679c7ec009 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u80c984fecd044dcdb8e10e679c7ec009 , .u80c984fecd044dcdb8e10e679c7ec009:hover , .u80c984fecd044dcdb8e10e679c7ec009:visited , .u80c984fecd044dcdb8e10e679c7ec009:active { border:0!important; } .u80c984fecd044dcdb8e10e679c7ec009 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u80c984fecd044dcdb8e10e679c7ec009 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u80c984fecd044dcdb8e10e679c7ec009:active , .u80c984fecd044dcdb8e10e679c7ec009:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u80c984fecd044dcdb8e10e679c7ec009 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u80c984fecd044dcdb8e10e679c7ec009 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u80c984fecd044dcdb8e10e679c7ec009 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u80c984fecd044dcdb8e10e679c7ec009 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u80c984fecd044dcdb8e10e679c7ec009:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u80c984fecd044dcdb8e10e679c7ec009 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u80c984fecd044dcdb8e10e679c7ec009 .u80c984fecd044dcdb8e10e679c7ec009-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u80c984fecd044dcdb8e10e679c7ec009:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tragedy of Tess of the D'Urbervilles EssayThere is no chance of redemption; he has permanently allied himself with the forces of evil. Like her husband, the once ambitious Lady Macbeth finally realizes the significance of associating herself in the murder plot, and the severe repercussions it will bring. Tormented by nightmares, she sleepwalks through her bedroom and cries, What, will these hands neer be clean? Heres the smell of the blood still: all the perfumes of / Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. Act V, Scene 1, Lines 40, 46-47 The blood imagery exhibits Lady Macbeths guilt over Duncans murder. Her hallucinations of blood on her hands and her constant efforts to wash it off demonstrate that the agony of having guilty feelings is causing her to go insane. We later learn that this guilt strains her mind to the point that she commits suicide. In the plays final scene, Macduff confronts Macbeth to avenge the murders of his children and his wife at Macbeths hand, and to see Malcolm established as the rightful King. As Malcolm sees Macbeth, he exclaims, I have no words: / My voice is in my sword, thou bloodier villain / Than terms can give thee out! Act V, Scene 8, Lines 8-10 Macbeth and Macduff then engage in a fight to the death with Macduff eventually emerging victorious. When Macduff, mentions blood, it speaks to justified bloodshed, and revenge. Shakespeare uses this blood imagery to enhance the audiences understanding of Macbeths character. The audience has now witnessed the complete transformation of Macbeth. He begins as a noble, just and brave person, to becoming evil, ambitious, and treacherous during Duncans murder, to his final feelings of remorse for his crime and finally, to the realization that he will be punished for his sins.

Family Life is Good for You.

Family Life is Good for You. Marriage and the family continue to weaken in a number of countries. In Canada, close to 1.2 million couples were living in a common-law relationship in 2001, up 20% from 1995, the Globe and Mail newspaper reported July 11, 2002. By contrast, the number of married couples increased just 3%, to 6.4 million from 6.2 million, over the same period.The figures come from Statistics: Canada's General Social Survey, which collected information on relationship ties, marital splits and new unions.In 2001, almost 90% of Canadian men and women aged 50 to 69 had started their conjugal life through marriage. But among men and women aged 30 to 39, the study found that fully 40% were expected to choose a common-law relationship as their first union. For women aged 20 to 29, the percentage is estimated to reach 53%.The appeal of marriage has dropped most significantly in traditionally Catholic Quebec.Times dispenserThere, only 26% of women aged 30 to 39 are expected to choose marriage to start their conjugal lives. One-third of women in Quebec had married their common-law partner at the time of the survey, compared with 59% of women in the other provinces.The Canadian situation mirrors England's situation. On Nov. 26, 2001, the Telegraph revealed that government statistics show that the number of cohabiting couples in England and Wales has reached more than 1.5 million, with four in 10 children now born outside marriage, compared with one in 10 in the 1970s. The number of couples living together is expected to double over the next 20 years.Ireland too has seen big changes in family structures, the Irish Independent observed May 20, 2002. In 1994, one in every four children was born outside marriage. Now, more than one in every three children is born to single mothers...

Managing Ascii (Text) Files From Delphi Code

Managing Ascii (Text) Files From Delphi Code Simply put, text files contain readable ASCII characters. We can think of working with a text file in Delphi as analogous to playing or recording information on a VCR tape. Although it is possible to make changes to a text file, jump around when processing information or add some data to the file other than at the end, it is advisable to use a text file only when we know that we are working with ordinary text and no such operations are necessary. Text files are considered to represent a sequence of characters formatted into lines, where each line is terminated by an end-of-line marker (a CR/LF combination). The TextFile and the Assign Method To start working with text files you have to link a file on a disk to a file variable in your code - declare a variable of type TextFile and use the AssignFile procedure to associate a file on a disk with a file variable. var    SomeTxtFile : TextFile; begin    AssignFile(SomeTxtFile, FileName) Reading information From a Text File If we want to read back the content of a file into a string list, just one line of code will do the job. Memo1.Lines.LoadFromFile(c:\autoexec.bat) To read information from a file line by line, we must open the file for input by using the Reset procedure. Once a file is reset, we can use ReadLn to read information from a file (reads one line of text from a file then moves to the next line) : var    SomeTxtFile : TextFile;    buffer : string;begin    AssignFile(SomeTxtFile, c:\autoexec.bat) ;    Reset(SomeTxtFile) ;    ReadLn(SomeTxtFile, buffer) ;    Memo1.Lines.Add(buffer) ;    CloseFile(SomeTxtFile) ; end; After adding one line of text from a file to a memo component SomeTxtFile needs to be closed. This is done by the Close keyword. We can also use Read procedure to read information from a file. Read works just like ReadLn, except it does not move the pointer to the next line. var    SomeTxtFile : TextFile;    buf1,buf2 : string[5]; begin    AssignFile(SomeTxtFile, c:\autoexec.bat) ;    Reset(SomeTxtFile) ;    ReadLn(SomeTxtFile, buf1,buf2) ;    ShowMessage(buf1 buf2) ;    CloseFile(SomeTxtFile) ; end; EOF - End Of File Use the EOF function to make sure that you are not trying to read beyond the end of the file. Lets say we want to display the content of the file in message boxes - one line at a time until we get to the end of a file: var    SomeTxtFile : TextFile;    buffer : string;begin    AssignFile(SomeTxtFile, c:\autoexec.bat) ;    Reset(SomeTxtFile) ;    while not EOF(SomeTxtFile) do    begin   Ã‚   ReadLn(SomeTxtFile, buffer) ;   Ã‚   ShowMessage(buffer) ;    end;   CloseFile(SomeTxtFile) ;end; Note: It is better to use While loop than the Until loop to take into account the (unlikely) possibility that the file exists but does not contain any data. Writing Text to a File The WriteLn is probably the most common way to send individual pieces of information to a file. The following code will read a text from a Memo1 component (line by line) and send it to some newly created text file. var    SomeTxtFile : TextFile;    j: integer; begin    AssignFile(SomeTxtFile, c:\MyTextFile.txt) ;    Rewrite(SomeTxtFile) ;    for j : 0 to (-1 Memo1.Lines.Count) do   Ã‚  Ã‚   WriteLn(SomeTxtFile, Memo1.Lines[j]) ;    CloseFile(SomeTxtFile) ; end; Depending on the state of the file provided to the Rewrite procedure it creates a new file (opens the file for output) with the name assigned to SomeTextFile. If a file with the same name already exists it is deleted and a new empty file is created in its place. If SomeTextFile is already open, it is first closed and then re-created. The current file position is set to the beginning of the empty file. Note: Memo1.Lines.SaveToFile(c:\MyTextFile.txt) will do the same. Sometimes well just need to add some text data to the end of an existing file. If this is the case, well call Append to ensure that a file is opened with write-only access with the file pointer positioned at the end of the file. Something like: var    SomeTxtFile : TextFile; begin    AssignFile(SomeTxtFile, c:\MyTextFile.txt) ;    Append(SomeTxtFile) ;    WriteLn(SomeTxtFile, New line in my text file) ;   CloseFile(SomeTxtFile) ;end; Be Aware of Exceptions In general, you should always use exception handling when working with files. I/O is full of surprises. Always use CloseFile in a finally block to avoid the possibility of corrupting a users FAT. All the previous examples should be rewritten as follows: var    SomeTxtFile : TextFile;    buffer : string; begin    AssignFile(SomeTxtFile, c:\MyTextFile.txt) ;    try   Ã‚   Reset(SomeTxtFile) ;   Ã‚   ReadLn(SomeTxtFile, buffer) ;    finally   Ã‚   CloseFile(SomeTxtFile) ;    end;end; Manipulating With Structured Files Delphi has the ability to handle both ASCII files and files that hold binary data. Here are the techniques for working with typed and untyped (binary) files.

Corporate finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words - 2

Corporate finance - Essay Example e views that capital structure (debt or equity financing) and dividend policy do not matter in company valuation come from the same theory that made daring assumptions about corporate investment decisions and the efficiency of capital markets. In their classic papers on these issues, Miller and Modigliani (1958 and 1961) used as a starting point that the company has settled on its investment programme and determined how much of the investments would be financed from debt, with the remaining funds required being funded from retained earnings, and any surplus funds would be paid out as dividends. If the company decides to increase dividends without changing the investment and borrowing policy, the funds that would be needed to pay the dividends should come from somewhere. If debt is fixed, the only way it can fund extra dividends is to sell more shares. The new stockholders would invest only if you offer them shares worth as much as they cost, but how can the firm do this when its assets, earnings, investment opportunities, and therefore, market value are all unchanged? The answer is that there must be a transfer of value from the old to the new stockholders, with the new ones getting the new shares, each one worth less than before the dividend change was announced, and the old ones suffering a capital loss on their shares. The capital loss of the old shareholders would just offset the extra cash dividend they receive. Would it matter to the old stockholders to receive extra dividends plus an offsetting capital loss? It would if that were the only way they can get cash. But as long as there are efficient capital markets, they can raise the cash by selling shares. Thus, the old shareholders can â€Å"cash in† either by persuading management to pay a higher dividend or by selling some of their shares. In either case, there will be a transfer of value from old to new shareholders, and the only difference is that in the former case (higher dividends) this

Merger Dilemma Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Merger Dilemma - Assignment Example One of the challenges that face merging business is conflict among employees. This is usually caused by differing cultures of the merged organizations. One effective strategy to manage organizational conflicts after merging includes involving employees in conflict management by asking them to give suggestion on how the conflicts can be solved. This will make them feel less insecure during the merging process. The other method includes addressing the conflicts as they occur. The strategy will prevent conflicts from becoming worse. The organizations can also prevent the conflicts by asking employees to state their concerns. In addition, defining acceptable behaviors and employees roles before the merging process will prevent conflicts because it will help them know what the organization expects of them. Employees stress level can be reduced through various morale boosting strategies. Employees and management team experience more stress when their level of motivation reduces. One of the methods to reduce their stress levels includes motivating them by introducing an effective recognition system. For instance, promoting them based on their performances will help in reducing their stress levels. In addition, creating a win-win situation by allowing employees to participate in decision making processes will also reduce their levels of anxiety. Stress can increase if some employees feel left out after the

Animal Motif on Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Animal Motif on Macbeth Essay Shakespeare uses animal motif extensively to convey to the audience Macbeth’s thoughts and also to reflect the progress of the plot in general. In scene i and iii of Act III, horses are mentioned repeatedly. Before delving into these scenes, it is important to note the role of horses previously: recently, Duncan’s fine, well-bred horses turned wild and ate each other. In scene i, Macbeth urges Banquo to his horse: â€Å"Hie you to horse† (III, i, 34) and in scene iii, the murderers that Macbeth hired become conscious of Banquo’s presence: â€Å"Hark, I hear horses. † (III, iii, 8) The horses epitomize the witches’ prophesy that fair will be foul and foul will be fair. Horses that are meant to facilitate transportation (constructive) are now destructive. This change in the influence of horses reflects the deep degree to which disorder and confusion extend in Scotland now. On a few occasions, Macbeth uses an animal to directly describe his feelings. He does so in scene ii, right after he provokes men into vowing to murder his friend Banquo, by saying his mind is â€Å"full of scorpions† (III, ii, 36). Indeed, like venomous scorpions, Macbeth is now fully engaged in harming others. Another example is when Macbeth tells Lady Macbeth that they â€Å"have scotched the snake, not killed it† (III, ii, 13), an indication that Macbeth does and will not feel his position is secure until Banquo is killed as well. It is also worth noting that even though Macbeth is referring to Lady Macbeth’s earlier serpent motif (I, v, 64), Macbeth is comparing the snake to Banquo, while Lady Macbeth compares the snake to Macbeth. This change seems inappropriate, since Banquo does not seem to possess the characteristics that snakes are typically associated with: slyness. Macbeth is in fact deceiving himself into thinking that Banquo is as cunningly treacherous as himself, as is shown in his soliloquy when he thinks: â€Å"[Banquo] chid the sisters† (III, i, 56). During Macbeth and Banquo’s first encounter with the witches, Banquo clearly states that he †neither [begs] nor [fears their] favours nor [their] hate. † (I, iii, 60-61) It was Macbeth who criticized the witches of being â€Å"imperfect speakers† (I, iii, 70) and demanded to know more. Macbeth is deluding himself into thinking negatively of Banquo to justify himself for murdering his friend, to rid himself of guilt. This effort is in turn a stage of Macbeth’s transformation of losing conscience and becoming one who is full of only greed and ambition.

kathak dance :: essays research papers

Kathak is the classical dance of north indian style that was characterized by rhythmic footwork danced under the weight of more than 100 ankle bells, spectacular spins, and a representation of themes from Persian and Urdu poetry alongside those of Hindu mythology. The word kathak means "to tell a story". It is derived from the dance dramas of ancient India. Kathak arose from the fusion of Hindu and Muslim cultures that took place during the Mughal period. More than any other South Asian dance form, kathak expresses the aesthetic principles of Islamic culture. The origins of the kathak style lies in the traditional unfolding of Hindu myths by Brahmin priests called kathiks, who used mime and gesture for dramatic effect. Gradually, the storytelling became more stylized and developed into a dance form. With the arrival in northern India of the Mughals, kathak was taken into the royal courts and developed into a sophisticated art form; through the patronage of the Mughal rulers, kathak took its current form. The emphasis of the dance moved from the religious to the aesthetics. In cooperation with the aesthetics of Islamic culture, abhinaya which is defined as the use of mime and gesture, became more delicate, with emphasis placed on the performer's ability to express a theme in many different ways. There are two main centers of education called gharanas, which are both named after cities in northern India and which expanded under the patronage of regional princes. The Lucknow gharana developed a style of kathak that is characterized by precise, finely detailed movements and an emphasis on the exposition of thumri, (which is a semiclassical style of love song). The Jaipur gharana required a mastery of complicated pure dance patterns. Nowadays, performers present a blend of kathak based on the styles of both gharanas. A traditional kathak performance features a solo dancer on a stage, surrounded on all sides by the audience.

Han and Greek Dbq Essay

The ancient societies of Greece and China each produced a civilization remarkable for its time. Although these civilizations emerged nearly one thousand years apart, their philosophies were completely different, had various forms of governance, and had unique economic classes. First, the thoughts of the numerous Greek philosophers were absolutely different from those of the Chinese philosophers. Chinese philosophers believed that the individual was not as important as the kingdom was as a whole, whereas Greek philosophers consider the individuals as a crucial part of society. As shown in Document 12, the human is miniscule to the landscape around him, showing that the human is only a tiny piece in the civilization. The Greek Discus Thrower portrayed in Document 11, is depicting the view that the individual is the main focus of the society in which one resides. These two documents display how Han China and Classical Greece are different in their philosophies. Classical Greece looks at an individual as a key component in their daily life. Han China however does not look at an individual like the Greeks, but instead as a small piece in the vast kingdom. Confucius believes that by being a good person you are taking part in the government because one does not have take part in the government to be part of society, one must simply do what is right (Document 10). Confucius believes this because he has his own ideals that are separate from the government and as long as people are doing the right thing they are a part of the government. There is no document that portrays the take of a Greek philosopher simply on where an individual stands in the Greek state. This would allow one to know exactly the thoughts of a Greek philosopher and not only a Chinese philosopher. Second, the form of governance displayed by the Chinese civilization varied from that of the Greek civilization. The Greek civilization had developed a new form of government; democracy that contrasted from the bureaucracy in Han China. As shown in Document 7, the Han dynasty stresses a strong central government with many appointed governors to each district its dynasty possesses. However, the Athenian government was based on the people, so they basically governed themselves (Document 5). Also displayed in Document 8, they way the government is set up, anyone who has his own business has business in the government. That way if that person does not have any affairs at all is not involved in the government. Although in Document 6, the way anyone is in government is chosen by the heavens. This directly relates to how these civilization’s forms of governance are completely different. Pericles believes that democracy is the best government system because he displays an array of ways in which the government is of the people, such as â€Å"in settling of private disputes, everyone is equal before law† (Document 4). The Ancient Greece map in Document 1 displays an inaccurate proportion of size to the Han empire map that makes it seem that the Athenians controlled as much territory as the Han, where in reality they only controlled about a twelfth of the land that the Han did. There is no document that portrays a Chinese philosopher that may have his life in danger for the ideas he has. This would allow the reader to know what a Chinese philosopher would think about his place in society if he was questioned in what he believes in (Document 9). Third, the Han and Greek civilizations displayed numerous and unique economic classes that were different from each other. The Chinese economic classes consisted of six divisions whereas the Athenian economic classes consisted of four divisions. As shown in Document 2, there were as many free male citizens as free male non-citizens and about as many free females as slaves. The population distribution of Han China portrayed in Document 3 shows that there were only a few appointed officials along with the emperor, around thirteen times more educated bureaucrats, ten times as many aristocracies as bureaucrats, around 58,500,000 farmers, only 50,000 merchants, and 5,000,000 mean people. This shows how opposite the social classes of Classical Greece and Han Chin are. Aristotle believes that the class and job that a person has must keep that and try to learn that of another because there will be no more distinction between the master and the slave. Aristotle believes this because he is a high class citizen and he does not want to change his class. There is no document that accurately portrays the feelings of a slave on class distinctions. This would allow one to know the desires that a slave would have and why it would be better if he were able to move up in society. In conclusion, the ancient civilizations of Han China and Greece each created a society influential to the time period it flourished in. Although these civilizations emerged nearly one thousand years apart, they had unique economic classes, had various forms of governance, and their philosophies were completely different.

Last Chance Securities Essay

Situation: The IT director opened the department staff meeting today by saying â€Å"I’ve got some good news and some bad news. The good news is that management approved the pay- roll system project this morning. The new system will reduce clerical time and errors, improve morale in the payroll department, and avoid possible fines and penalties for noncompliance. The bad news is that the system must be installed by the end of December in order to meet new federal reporting rules, costs must be within the bud- geted amount, the new system must interact with existing systems, and the vice presi- dent of finance insists on approving the final design.† 1. Name the constraints and indicate whether each is present, future, internal, external, mandatory, or desirable. The Constraints are: IT Director (internal), new system (future), Approved payroll system project (present), Cost (future), management (internal), approving the final design (mandatory), reduce clerical time and errors (desirable), improve morale (desirable), payroll department (internal), the budgeted amount (mandatory), avoid possible fines and penalties for noncompliance (desirable), must interact with existing systems (mandatory), vice president (external), good news (internal), bad news (internal) 2. Explain why it is important to define the payroll project’s scope. Explain how to define project scope. You will define project scope by identifying what initiated the request for a new product or service. It’s useful to quantify objectives–â€Å"This service will increase the end user’s efficiency by 15%.† It’s a good idea to characterize difficulties you’ve experienced without the product or service and what will happen if the project is not approved. You must describe what you are creating, how much money you will need, how much time it will take, and how many people you will need. The authorizing body will also want to know the limitations of your project as well as the risks involved. It is important to define the payroll project’s scope, because scope is bound to change, and this is to be expected. As the detail becomes clearer, more complications creep in. These are not foreseeable at the start and hopefully  we build in a contingency for what we cannot see. The scope changes that usually cause problems are those where the perception of what was in and out of scope was different between various parties. The Project Manager assumed there would only be four or five reports, and the business assumed ten to twenty. Nobody felt it was worth talking about because they assumed the other person thought the same way they did. 3. Identify tangible and intangible benefits of the new payroll system. Tangible benefits- avoid possible fines and penalties for Noncompliance, costs must be within the budgeted amount. Intangible benefits- reduce clerical time and errors, improve morale, new federal reporting rules. 4. What topics should be included in a report to management at the end of the preliminary investigation? The topics that should be included in a report to management at the end of the preliminary investigation are: †¢ The scope †¢ Present vs. Future †¢ Internal vs. External †¢ Mandatory vs. Desirable †¢ Analysis †¢ Project usability, cost, benefit, and schedule data.

Free Essays on Stand Waties Confederate Indians

The Confederate Indians The American civil war was a dark chapter in America ¡Ã‚ ¦s history. It was a fight for African-American freedom in a supposedly  ¡Ã‚ §free county ¡Ã‚ ¨. Contrary to many people ¡Ã‚ ¦s beliefs, our civil war wasn ¡Ã‚ ¦t fought by the white and black Union army and the all white Confederate army. The confederates had an Indian General who also happened to be a Cherokee chief. His name was General Stand Watie. He sided with the south ¡Ã‚ ¦s cause even though it was the south who drove them from their land. General Watie and his tribesmen were very loyal to the confederate ¡Ã‚ ¦s cause. Cherokee Indian chief Stand Watie became a Confederate general officer with his Cherokee tribesmen following him from Wilson's Creek, Missouri, to the end of the war in the West. A majority of his tribe blamed him and his faction for the removal of the Cherokees along what would later be referred to as  ¡Ã‚ §The Trail of Tears ¡Ã‚ ¨. General Watie was an aristocratic, slaveholding planter and Cherokee mixed bloods. Chief Watie and the civilized tribes of Indian territory sided with the same South that had expelled them from their ancestral homelands less than 30 years before is a fascinating study in human nature. Rather than blame Southerners, the Indians directed their animosity toward the Federal government, whose intrusion was as much a continued threat in their lives as it was to Confederate states' rights. The Confederacy's inability to properly support the Five Civilized Tribes caused major dilemmas for the loyal Cherokees. Already poor in resources, the Indians often went to battle without adequate weapons, hoping to obtain battlefield residue. Watie's Indians loyally supported secession until the end, even though they were ill supplied. Unfortunately, the Indians were not only on the losing side, they were still Indians. Post-war Federal policies treated them doubly harsh. A gentleman-soldier of great character, Watie stuck by his co... Free Essays on Stand Watie's Confederate Indians Free Essays on Stand Watie's Confederate Indians The Confederate Indians The American civil war was a dark chapter in America ¡Ã‚ ¦s history. It was a fight for African-American freedom in a supposedly  ¡Ã‚ §free county ¡Ã‚ ¨. Contrary to many people ¡Ã‚ ¦s beliefs, our civil war wasn ¡Ã‚ ¦t fought by the white and black Union army and the all white Confederate army. The confederates had an Indian General who also happened to be a Cherokee chief. His name was General Stand Watie. He sided with the south ¡Ã‚ ¦s cause even though it was the south who drove them from their land. General Watie and his tribesmen were very loyal to the confederate ¡Ã‚ ¦s cause. Cherokee Indian chief Stand Watie became a Confederate general officer with his Cherokee tribesmen following him from Wilson's Creek, Missouri, to the end of the war in the West. A majority of his tribe blamed him and his faction for the removal of the Cherokees along what would later be referred to as  ¡Ã‚ §The Trail of Tears ¡Ã‚ ¨. General Watie was an aristocratic, slaveholding planter and Cherokee mixed bloods. Chief Watie and the civilized tribes of Indian territory sided with the same South that had expelled them from their ancestral homelands less than 30 years before is a fascinating study in human nature. Rather than blame Southerners, the Indians directed their animosity toward the Federal government, whose intrusion was as much a continued threat in their lives as it was to Confederate states' rights. The Confederacy's inability to properly support the Five Civilized Tribes caused major dilemmas for the loyal Cherokees. Already poor in resources, the Indians often went to battle without adequate weapons, hoping to obtain battlefield residue. Watie's Indians loyally supported secession until the end, even though they were ill supplied. Unfortunately, the Indians were not only on the losing side, they were still Indians. Post-war Federal policies treated them doubly harsh. A gentleman-soldier of great character, Watie stuck by his co...

Assignment #2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

#2 - Assignment Example In addition, they structure human perception in a religious, political and personal level. Advancements in technology and globalization in the present century have intensified the changes in public viewpoints. In the main, matters pertaining to facts, uprightness, and even holiness are argued out based on conflicting religious, chauvinistic, cultural and ideological narrations. Barry Levinsons â€Å"Wag the Dog† is a petrifying political satire that is both worryingly conceivable and swift, side-splitting and endearingly mouth-watering. There is a media bombardment that accompanies any present-day international predicament. In the movie, it is clearly evidenced how easy it is to concoct public agitation and the dubiousness that accompanies the intentions. Levinsons movie is a satire of how reality can be altered to serve certain interest and produce a public perception. Stories are created and some cooked up with an aim of deceiving the press and influencing human reasoning. For instance, a representation of a smart bomb disintegrating into an Iraqi smokestack imprisons the nations imaginings to a point that their opinion on the government or the Iraq inhabitants changes. After watching the movie, one finds it hard to trust any information from any media outlet. The story evidences that human opinion is undeniably controlled by the office-bearers fo r their own personal interests. Joan Didion’s â€Å"Fixed Ideas† explores the government’s efforts to construct an imperial America based on the 9/11 assaults by extremists. This has largely created a disconnection among Americans who now hold varied opinions. As a result, the society demonizes personalities who do not uphold their standpoint or present dissimilar viewpoints. Didion prods into the logic and hidden agendas of the policymakers on matters concerning warfare. The narrative ideology is evident in the way the State House presents

A consideration of the biblical theme, Kingdom of God, showing the Essay

A consideration of the biblical theme, Kingdom of God, showing the development of meaning in the Old and New Testaments - Essay Example The ‘Kingdom of God’ is a fundamental theme which runs from Genesis to Revelation. In its earliest expression there are strong similarities to the views of ‘kingship’ and ‘kingdom’ which were current among nations during the period of the OT, but from the outset it was clear that this was understood in terms of a universal and eternal divine authority. This overriding principle becomes increasingly dominant in the Biblical perspective until it comes to reality in the life and work of Jesus Christ. The actual phrase ‘kingdom of God’ does not occur in the OT. But from the outset the idea of God as absolute monarch and his kingly rule are pervasive in Scripture.†(Cf.New Dictionary of Theology). The concept of â€Å"Kingdom† is not current in the democratic mindset of our modern world. Ladd points out that in western idiom a kingdom is primarily seen as a realm over which a king exercises his authority. He quotes a modern dictionary definition: â€Å"A state or monarchy the head of which is a king, Dominion, realm†, and adds that while a secondary meaning of â€Å"kingdom,† relates to the people belonging to a given realm. He does not see either of these definitions as being accurate, as they tend to â€Å"lead astray from a correct understanding of the Biblical truth.† Much better, he says, is an ‘archaic’ definition in Webster’s dictionary, ‘The rank, quality, state or attributes of a king; royal authority, dominion, monarchy; kingship.† (Ibid). Greek and Hebrew scholars that the primary meaning of the Hebrew word â€Å"malkuth† in the Old Testament and the Greek word â€Å"basilieia† in the New Testament is of the rank, authority, and sovereignty exercised by a king. As Ladd says, â€Å"When the word refers to God’s Kingdom, it always refers to His reign, His rule, His sovereignty, and not to any realm in which it is exercised. (20) Kittel underlines this; â€Å"†¦ the expression denotes the fact that God is king, i.e. it describes His kingly being or kingship.† Edersheim adds that the rule of heaven and the kingship of God was the â€Å"very substance of the Old Testament; the object of the calling and mission of Israel; the meaning of all its ordinances whether civil or religious; the underlying idea of all its institutions.† The Old Testament, he says, could not be understood without this.† (265) It was common that the rule of a king would be established by the terms of a co venant, in which two parties are bound together in a solemn, unbreakable oath. There are a series of covenants in the Bible, the terms of which were always determined by God. The earliest books of the Old Testament outline these covenants, showing the development of the nation that was to be the primary realm of his sovereignty on earth. God chose a series of patriarchs to found this nation; giving specific promises, and calling for their trust and obedience. For several centuries these people, the descendants of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, lived in and are eventually become enslaved in Egypt. After 430 years, â€Å"God commissioned Moses, with Aaron as his mouthpiece , to lead out the Hebrew slaves, tribal descendants of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, from Egypt, to become a nation in Palestine, the land of promise (Exodus 3:4)† (New Bible Dictionary). At Mount Sinai, god established a covenant with the Israelites, grounding His requirements (the laws which were to function as the constitution for a theocratic kingdom in which God would be the sole ruler) on what He had already done for them, and giving promises of great blessings which would accrue if they were obedient to the terms of the covenant. Closely coupled to the idea of God’s absolute sovereignty is the fact of his holiness. â€Å"God is the king of His covenant people, Israel. In a particular sense, not true of any other nation. †¦

The origin and early expansion of Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The origin and early expansion of Islam - Essay Example This beginning of the new religion as well as a civilization continued even after the death of the Prophet Muhammad; the religion spread quite readily across the world, but still Islam showed tolerance and gave space to other religions. One clear example in this regard is of the Jewish community settled in the Medina after an Islamic society was established there. The Jewish people were given the right to keep following their religious customs, and were granted cultural independence which was so lax that it also allowed them to observe Jewish religious laws; the Muslims in return gained the Jew's political loyalty towards the Muslim rulers. Later on in history as well, Jews enjoyed liberty and privileges during the Muslim rule in countries like Egypt, Turkey as well Iran. Another example of a co-existing as well as a conflicting religion (to Islam) is Christianity which enjoyed the same privileges (Esposito, 2002). The tribes in Arab region worshipped various pagan gods, and there were three major monotheistic religions in that area, Hebrew, Christianity, and a monotheism religion developed by Persians knows as Zoroastrianism. The majority of people in middle-east most specifically Arab were driven by tribal-based traditionalism, their value systems as well as various social, economics, religious and political aspects of their life were all controlled by the division of their society into tribes. Each tribe followed some separate pagan god, and had separate culture and belief-set that fueled their need for being deemed superior. Therefore each tribe competed in becoming the most prestigious and most powerful and for this purpose they invented their own superior gods and sought their favors. Aside from worshipping pagan gods the Arabs also honoured other heavenly objects as well as various plants and animals. In those times the people were worshipping idols more often therefore it is thought that even the Christians and the Arabs could start worshipping idols. Even Christianity was distorted in this area, and many additions were made in this religion by the priests and manipulated the doctrine to fit to their own requirements, that took away the religion's actual shape. Due to such deviant religious practices many un-just and wrongful practices had also taken root in this society, the rich were exploiting the poor, and the weak in the community were being driven to the ground by the mighty. The treatment of women and children was also merciless and harsh. Wars amongst the tribes were quite common and caused much destruction and were the major reason of poverty and terrible economic conditions of the region. Few elders in the tribes were given unparalleled importance and their ever order were followed, this lack of equal distribution of power lead to wrong decisions and exploitations of a major segment of society. Conclusion The year 622 A.D. marked a monumental milestone in the history of the religion of Islam. This marked the beginning of an era that changed the history as well as the geography of the whole world; the ripples of this event will be felt till the end of time. Soon the time

Managing Diabetes Mellitus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Managing Diabetes Mellitus - Essay Example This hormone often regulates the duration of glucose release when it enters into the bloodstream after one has eaten by emptying the stomach.Amyotrophy: it is a form of Neurotherapy that elicits weakness, pain, and wastage of muscles.Exercise: It is recommended that a patient undertakes at least one hundred fifty minutes of exercise in a week to enable the body manage the levels of glucose in the blood suitably.Effect of Implementing NICNIC would make the interventions that nurses make in various situations standard since it lays out the steps that practitioners must follow when making interventions. NIC seeks to establish a standard way of dealing with certain medical scenarios with the aim of improving various aspects of nursing practice such as documentation. After implementing NIC, the documentation would be as per the laid taxonomy, which would result in electronic standardized documents (Rutherford, 2008). One of the key advantages would be standardization of documentation and interventions. It would also be easier to make sense of shared electronic medical records due to the standardized way of presenting medical information. Nurses may be unwilling to implement such a system because of the general reasons that are associated to change. The nurses may be uncertain of the real intentions of the implementation, which can be dealt with through timely communication. Most of my colleagues would embrace such a system since it would be a step forward in the quest to improve nursing practicing.

Liberal Concepts to Promote Peace

Liberal Concepts to Promote Peace Dele-Adelodun Mobolaji Critically evaluate the claims made by Liberals regarding how we might best promote peaceful cooperation between states. INTRODUCTION Liberalism can be described roughly as the ‘freedom for the individual’ as it believes that humans are good natured beings.[1] It is often perceived as the only true â€Å"persuasive and alternative view† of International Relations.[2] The core of the liberal peace theory constitutes a definition of long-term peace and security which is based on both the values of democracy and justice. Liberals have made certain claims as to how its theories can help create peaceful cooperation among states. The concept of liberal peace was first suggested by liberal classical analyst Immanuel Kant[3] in the late 18th century. His dream was that all countries become incorporated into a web of political, commercial and organizational arrangements that are mutually reinforcing and rewarding and thus reduce, if not eliminate the probability of conflict.[4] Kant suggested that economic mutuality and trade creates favourable conditions for international cooperation among states. His s uggestion also includes the implementation of democracy functions as the basis for global peace, democracy will also check the power of leaders and states, wars are likely to become less prevalent when and if democracy flourishes throughout the world. Lastly, through the formation of international organisations for the regulation of the international interdependence, their good relationships are secure. It is not individual factors, which lead to a more peaceful world, but rather all the element working in conjunction which eliminates conflict. Where these settings are present, state liberalists believe there is peace or these conditions are ideal for building peace. Their main claims are democracy, interdependence (commerce through trade), and international organizations systematically and symbiotically enhance the absence of warfare and the creation of enduring peace. The core concepts, claims and foundations liberals came up with will be explained in this essay, how Interdependence, democracy and formation of international organisations would help attain world peace. BODY Democracy The concept of liberal peace was first suggested by liberal classical analyst Immanuel Kant and referred mainly to democratic states. This association of democracy with peace is based in Kant, who believed that lasting peace would only occur after states had a representative government with separation of powers and civil constitutions respecting private property and asserting equality before the law.[5] Leaders of democracies as well as the citizens generally benefit from avoiding conflict especially with one another because the political cost of fighting wars are higher for democratic leaders.[6] If they win a costly war, the domestic political cost may be high. Jack Levys famous assertion encapsulates the idea behind Democratic Peace Theory as well as any written, which is perhaps why it is referenced so often: The absence of war between democracies comes as close to anything we have to an empirical law in international relations.[7] Liberals suggests that democracies will rarely g o to war against one another or even threaten each other. This has almost become a statement of truth. Arguably one of the forerunners of modern liberal democracy, the United States, has an international policy based upon the principles of the democratic peace theory, President Clinton stated in his 1994 state of union address that ‘Democracies do not attack each other’ meaning that ‘ultimately the best strategy to insure our security and build a durable peace is to support the advance of democracy elsewhere’[8]. Democracies do not usually go to war with each other mainly because of institutional constrains and because of the democratic norms and cultures they have. The first institutional constraint, explains that democratic governments are reluctant to go to war because they must answer to the citizens, Michael Doyle builds on Immanuel Kant proposition.[9] The second institutional constraint include checks and balances, it looks at three specific features of a state’s domestic political structure: executive selection, political competition and the pluralism of foreign policy decision making process. States with executives answerable to section body should be more highly constrained and hence less likely to go to war.[10] The democratic norms elucidation holds that â€Å"the culture, perceptions and practices that permit compromise and the peaceful resolution of conflicts without the threat of violence within countries come to apply across national boundaries toward other democratic countries.†[11] This means that democratic states have developed a positive view of other democratic states. Many liberal theorists are of the view that it is only when there is an end of tyranny around the globe and universal liberal democracy and respect for human rights that international peace will prevail.[12] They also make claims that when democracies come into conflict with each other, they only rarely threaten to use force, because it is illegitimate to do so and believe that conflicts are to be resolved peacefully by negotiation and compromise.[13] According to Doyle â€Å"liberal democracies are uniquely willing to eschew the use of force in their relations with one another.†[14] There have been debates in International Relation about whether democracies are generally more peaceful than other types of systems. The issue of the proposition that democracies do not fight one another does not mean that democracies do not fight at all. For example the Second World War could be seen as a fight against fascism and therefore for democracy. More controversially one justification for the Vietnam War of the 1960s and the 1970s was that it was necessary in order to protect the values of the free world.[15] The argument here is that liberal democracies are much more inclined to conduct the ir relations with others on a peaceful basis. From this it follows the best way to ensure a long lasting peace in international relations through the spread of liberal democratic government on a global scale. Economic Interdependence Economic interdependence has similarly made a contribution to our understanding of peace. There have been harmony of interest between the states and people of the world, these mutual interests are rooted to mutual benefits which arise from commerce through trade. As Angell suggests, war can become obsolete if trade flourishes between countries because trade brings mutual gains to all the actors, irrespective of how powerful they are.[16] Moreover, free trade mitigates barriers and tensions between countries and propels interaction, friendship and understanding.[17] Trade is a one of the major parts of liberal tradition as well as of Kant. Other theorists like Montesquieu claim that â€Å"Commerce is the cure for the most destructive prejudices,† and â€Å"Peace is the natural effect of trade.†[18] There is evidence that trade helps to reduce interstate conflicts, The World Trade Organisation (WTO) list ten benefits of the trading system it manages, the first being that it helps to keep the peace between states because ‘sales people are usually reluctant to fight their customers’.[19] Trade depends on the expectation of peace from with the trading partner. Liberals have always argued that interdependence lowers the likelihood of war by increasing the value of trading over the alternative of aggression meaning that independent states would rather trade than evade.[20] The use of force reduces the gains from trade and imperils the flow of information necessary for the development of mutual understanding.[21]The pacific benefits of economically important bilateral trade seem well illustrated by the experience of the United States with China over the past twenty years. After the Communist government began to open its economy in the late 1970s, its political relations w ith the United States became far more peaceful than they had been during the Cold War.[22] This thaw in relations began with a deliberate political decision to improve them, but as trade increased, both sides gained a greater stake in keeping the peaceful. This still happened considering the fact that China did not become significantly more democratic. Although there was a period in history, the period up to World War I where there was an inconsistency for the liberal theory, the Europeans reached an unprecedented level of trade, yet it did not stop them from proceeding into war. Realist argue to contradict the liberal theory claiming that the war was preceded by high interdependence level but trade levels had been high for the previous thirty years, but even if the interdependence was a necessary condition for the war, it was not sufficient.[23] Liberals also argue that economic interdependence between states reduces conflict as conflict discourages commerce. Economic interchanges favour world cooperation. Countries that are interested in benefiting from international trade and commerce necessarily need to create friendly relations with other states. On the one hand, economic interactions between two different states inevitably necessitate that those countries augment the number of their contacts for different reasons. Throughout history states have sought power by mean of military force and territorial expansion. But for high industrialized countries, economic development and foreign trade are more adequate and less costly means of achieving prominence and prosperity. That is the costs of using force have increased and the benefits have declined. For example, economically successful countries of the post-war period are the trading states such as Germany and Japan have refrained from traditional military political option of high military expenditure and economic self-sufficiency instead they have chosen the trading option of an intensified division of labour and increased interdependence.[24] Trade raises the cost of conflict and also the benefits of conflict avoidance and conflict management. The costly nature of conflict is also central to contemporary applications of the bargaining theory commercial relations increase the likelihood of peace because trade and investment make costly signals possible. This argument particularly corresponds to the idea that the risk of conflicts between states is reduced by creating a common interest in trade and cooperation for the state’s mutual benefits. An intergovernmental organisation can be defined as a formal, continuous institution established by treaty or other agreement between governments with a long –range purpose. In the contemporary world, international law is often expressed in international organizations. International Organisations are included in the Kantian peace theory. Kant believed that international law would operate most powerfully among democracies (republics), which would form a loose â€Å"federation† of sovereign states (an international organisation) to facilitate their peaceful relations and provide a framework for collective security against threats from states that were not republics.[25] The evolution of the European Common Market into the European Union required European states to restore stable democratic government to ease the flow of goods, services, capital and labour throughout Western Europe and this experience recorded great success. There has been growth in the number of internati onal organizations since the end of World War II. In 1909 there were 37 increased to 293 in 1990, there would not have been an increase if these organisations had little or no contribution to peace creation which is usually set out in their goals. International Governmental Organisations (IGOs), these organisations are usually multipurpose and they get involved in a wide range of activities which include promoting international commerce and investment, environmental concerns, health or human rights which all come back to the promotion of peace among its member states.[26] International organisations may play a role in adjudication and arbitration of disputes by mediating among conflicting parties. These activities are important because they reduce the cost of enforcing contracts, encourage their creation, and promote exchange.[27] Like in the case where the secretary general of NATO helped mediate the dispute between Greece and turkey over Cyprus in 1967 and was able to forfend the widening of the war.[28] Norms and rules developed within IGOs may facilitate arms control and delegitimize the use of force. The Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean, for example helped to free the region of nuclear weapons. Shared norms create common interest helps to promote cooperation. IGOs may develop interests and preferences that are more stable than and to a degree independent of those of their member state.[29] International Governmental Organisations foster ways in which countries may peacefully resolve their conflicts while expanding the ways in which they view commonalities among their interests with wide-ranging set of potential belligerents as well as potential allies. However, it is also important to note other extremely significant institutions that assist in the making the world more peaceful by providing economic stability, cooperation and growth in the world such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and others. The most notable international organisation for the analysis is the United Nations (UN). The United Nations recorded great success in the intervention in Mozambique where there was a struggle to transit into democracy. There was a civil war which broke out in 1997 the Mozambique Resistance Movement was formed to oppose Government (Front of Liberation of Mozambique) which was in power at that time.[30] The conflict ended after the intervention of the United N ations in 1992 and a general peace was reached. During the ‘experience of Mozambique’, the United Nations managed to achieve one of its ‘rare peacekeeping successes. If not for the intervention of the UN the outcome of the civil war would have been disastrous. Liberal institutional theory argues that IGOs foster nonviolent conflict resolution and constrain the advent of disputes. This explains that IGOs resolve disputes preferably by the peaceful methods rather than the use of force. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the claims made by liberals to achieving peaceful cooperation among states are possible through the casual effects of democracy, interdependence and membership of international organisation. This three elements work best when they are applied together. The essay explains that if the Kantian elements are set at high levels, the incidence of fatal disputes will drop. Liberal analyses indicate that each of the three elements of Kantian peace does make a significant, independent contribution to peaceful interstate relations. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alec Stone Sweet and Thomas Brunell. Constructing a Supranational Constitution: Dispute Resolution and Governance in the European Community American Political Science Review 92 (1998): 63-81. Bruce Russett ‘Liberalism’ in International Relations Theories 3rd ed.Angell, Norman: ‘The Great Illusion’, London: Heinemann, 1910. Burchill, Scott et. al: Theories of International Relations. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2009 Bruce Russett and John Oneal. 2001. Triangulating Peace: democracy, interdependence and international Organizations. Christopher Layne, ‘Kant or Cant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace’, International Security, Vol. 19, No.2 (Fall, 1994), pp. 5-49 Dale C. Copeland, â€Å"Economic Interdependence and War: A theory of Trade Expectations,† International Security, Vol. 20, no.4 (Spring 1996) Jill Steans Lloyd Pettiford, International Relations: Perspectives and themes John M. Owen, ‘How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace’, International Security, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Fall, 1994), pp. 87-125 Kant, I.,Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch, 1975, at http://www.constitution.org/kant/perpeace.htm. Karle, Warren: Realism and Liberalism continue to shape the ways in which policy makers conceptualize international relations, Australian Public Service Center, Shedden Working Papers Series, 2003. Levy, Jack. Domestic Politics and War. In The Origin and Prevention of Major Wars. Robert Rotberg and Theodore Rabb, eds. Cambridge University Press, 1989. Michael N. Barnett and Martha Finnemore, The Politics, Power, and Pathologies of International Organizations (1999). Michael W. Doyle, ‘Kant, Liberal legacies, and Foreign Affairs’, Philosophy and Public affairs, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Summer, 1983), pp.205-235 Ray, James Lee (1998),, â€Å"Does Democracy Cause Peace?†Annual Review of Political Science, 1. pp. 27-46 Russett Bruce Martin (1993), Grasping the Democratic Peace The Cyprus conflict at http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/narrative-main-%203.html Weinstein, Jeremy M., January 2002. Mozambique: A Fading U.N. Success Story. Journal of Democracy, 13 (1), 141-156 World Trade Organisation, http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b01_e.htm 1 [1] Michael W. Doyle, ‘Kant, Liberal legacies, and Foreign Affairs’, Philosophy and Public affairs, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Summer, 1983), pp.205-235 [2] Karle, Warren: Realism and Liberalism continue to shape the ways in which policy makers conceptualize international relations, Australian Public Service Center, Shedden Working Papers Series, 2003. [3] Kant, I.,Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch, 1975, at http://www.constitution.org/kant/perpeace.htm. [4] Bruce Russett and John Oneal. 2001. Triangulating Peace: democracy, interdependence and international organizations. [5] Ray, James Lee, â€Å"Does Democracy Cause Peace?† Annual Review of Political Science, 1. (1998), pp. 27-46 [6] Bruce Russett and John Oneal. (2001) n 4 above [7] Levy, Jack. Domestic Politics and War. In The Origin and Prevention of Major Wars. Robert Rotberg and Theodore Rabb, eds. Cambridge University Press, 1989. [8] John M. Owen, ‘How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace’, International Security, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Fall, 1994), pp. 87-125 [9] Christopher Layne, ‘Kant or Cant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace’, International Security, Vol. 19, No.2 (Fall, 1994), pp. 5-49 [10] Ibid page 9 [11] Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace, p. 31 [12] Jill Steans Lloyd Pettiford, International Relations: Perspectives and themes [13] Bruce Russett ‘Liberalism’ in International Relations Theories 3rd ed. [14] ibid [15] Jill steans Lloyd Pettiford n 12 above [16] Angell, Norman: ‘The Great Illusion’, London: Heinemann, 1910. [17] Burchill, Scott et. al: Theories of International Relations. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2009 [18]Michael W. Doyle, n1 above Pages 205-235 [19] World Trade Organisation, http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b01_e.htm [20] Dale C. Copeland, â€Å"Economic Interdependence and War: A theory of Trade Expectations,† International Security, Vol. 20, no.4 (Spring 1996) [21] Bruce Russett and John Oneal. (2001) n 4 above [22] Ibid. [23] Dale C. Copeland n 20 above [24] Robert H. Jackson, Georg Sà ¸rensen, ‘Introduction to International Relations’ Oxford University Press, 2007 Political Science [25] Russett, Bruce John R. Oneal., (2001) n 4 above [26] ibid [27] Alec Stone Sweet and Thomas Brunell. Constructing a Supranational Constitution: Dispute Resolution and Governance in the European Community American Political Science Review 92 (1998): 63-81. [28] The Cyprus conflict at http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/narrative-main-%203.html [29] Michael N. Barnett and Martha Finnemore, The Politics, Power, and Pathologies of International Organizations (1999). [30] Weinstein, Jeremy M., January 2002. Mozambique: A Fading U.N. Success Story. Journal of Democracy, 13 (1), 141-156

Love in The Old Maid by Sara Teasdale :: essays research papers

The poem â€Å"The Old Maid†, by Sara Teasdale, takes place on a sidewalk on Broadway. The speaker in the poem is a woman walking with who you can infer to be her fiancà ©e and she is describing a brief encounter she had with another woman in the car driving by her. The speaker describes the woman as â€Å"The woman I might grow to be,† She then notices how her hair color â€Å"†¦was as mine† and how â€Å"Her eyes were strangely like my eyes†. However, despite all these similarities the woman’s hair compared to the speaker’s was â€Å"†¦dull and drew no light†. Her eyes also did not shine like the speaker’s. The speaker assumed that the reason for the woman’s frail appearance was because she had never had the opportunity to know what it was like to be in love. In the last stanza, the speaker no longer looks upon the old maid but to her lover and knows that even though they may look similar she will never be li ke her. In order to completely grasp exactly how the old maid appears to the woman on the sidewalk and the love she feels for the man walking with her, Sara Teasdale uses personification to describe the characters in the poem. One would be, â€Å"Her soul was frozen in the dark/ Unwarmed forever by love’s flame.† Obviously, a person’s soul cannot be frozen, but the meaning is that the old maid had never felt a heated intensity between herself and someone special to her which could give her a cold outlook on life. Another time the poet uses personification is when the speaker states, â€Å"His eyes were magic to defy†. Eyes cannot be magic. By saying that his eyes were magic the reader can get the notion that when the speaker looks into the eyes of her lover she feels awed, happy, or even entranced. Sara Teasdale also uses a metaphor in her work, â€Å"Her body was a thing growing thin,† In that line the speaker is comparing the old maid’s draining b ody to something that can get thinner. The poet uses a rhyme scheme of rhyming the second with the fourth line and there are four lines in every stanza. Finally, in this narrative poem there are eight syllables per line of the poem.

Alto Golf Course

Alvor, home to breathtaking white sand beaches, a blue sea clear beyond compare, and spectacular cliffs, is also home to the Alto Golf Course—the last golf course by Sir Henry Cotton, the legendary three-time winner of the British Open. Upon his passing, the Alto Golf Course project was continued by the golf journalist, Peter Dobereiner. For its backdrop, the course has the beautiful Monchique mountains. Adding to its beauty are two valleys, fairways, and greens that gently wind and undulate. In the first nine holes, the players are treated to a breathtaking view overlooking Lagos Bay.In the last 9 holes (which face inland) is the famed hole number 16, nicknamed the â€Å"Giant,† which is probably the longest hole in all of Europe. For all of its 604 metres, it is a Par 5 challenge. It is so challenging, that anyone who can do 5 strokes or under for this is given a certificate and his or her name is added to Alto Golf Course's roll of honour. For a golf course designed by two major greats, packed with challenges and decorated by amazing scenery, this is a golf course one just cannot afford to miss.If making a pilgrimage to the golf capital Algarve, the Alto Golf Course should be among the top of one’s list. Course Facilities Bar and Restaurant, Driving Range, Golf Academy, Golf Clubhouse, Men’s and Ladies’ Locker Rooms, Practice Bunker, Pro Shop, Putting Green, Resident Professional Course Details Location: Alvor, Portimao, Algarve Course Type: Championship Course Category: Championship Architect/Designer: Henry Cotton Required Handicap: Certificate preferred Men’s Handicap: 28 Women’s Handicap: 36 Holes: 18 Par: 72 Yards: 6,699Length: 6,215m Pestana Gramacho Golf Course Course Information and Presentation Almond groves, olive trees, fig trees, pine trees, and Carob trees all decorate the landscape of Pestana Gramacho Golf Course, a rolling 6,107 meters of golf challenges. Pestana Gramacho is an eighteen-hole won der, with nine holes added in June 2002. Designed by Ronald Fream, it is situated in the midst of the golf capital of Algarve. Pestana Gramacho is a member of the Carvoeiro Club, which is a fishing village 60 kilometres from the Faro Airport.This means that if one aims to finish a game in the Gramacho, at least an hour and a half of travel allowance should be observed if one is to catch a flight elsewhere after a game. Pestana Gramacho Golf Course is a very challenging course and one would need to negotiate the dense vegetation during a game. A deft drive to the fairway's right would be needed in hole number 2, which, at par 5, requires a ball dodge to the tall pine trees. Hole number 6 is much of a challenge too, because a drive to the tee over a body of water at par 3 is needed.A real challenge, the Pestana Gramacho Golf Course is a par 72 course off the back tees, reminiscent of the St. Andrews double greens. It has 18 large double greens, making it an unparalleled experience for even the veteran golfer. Course Facilities Bar and Restaurant, Basketball Court, Bunker Practice Area, Chipping Green, Driving Range, Football Field, Golf Academy, Golf Shop, Lawn Bowling Green, Pro Shop, Putting Green, Tennis Court Course Details Location: Quinta do Gramacho, Lagoa, Algarve Course Type: Resort Architect/Designer: Ronald FreamRequired Handicap: Certificate preferred Men’s Handicap: 28 Women’s Handicap: 36 Holes: 9 Par: 36 Yards: 6,473 Length: 2,980m Vale do Milho Golf Course Course Information and Presentation The Vale do Milho Golf Course is perfect for those wanting a short game but don't want to compromise on the challenges golfer might face: it is only 970 meters, but is packed with challenges that would test even golfing champions. Designed by David Thomas, this 9-hole course is located two kilometres from the coastal village of Carvoeiro. This golf course is great for practising one's short irons.What it has is a good number of bunkers, and even water hazards, to keep a golfer challenged all throughout the golf course's 970 metres. The Vale do Milho is not just a challenging course; it also features breathtaking spots such as waterfalls, and a wonderful view of the sea. With views and spots to relax and just breathe nature in, a golfer would be treated to a truly delightful time on the green in Vale do Milho. A trivia: David Thomas is also the designer of the Brabazon Course. It is located at The Belfry, just near Birmingham, England.The Brabazon Course had enjoyed the honour of playing host to the Ryder Cup, for three times at that, in 1985, 1989, and 1993. This is the world's most prestigious golf tournament, a biennial convergence of American and European golfing teams. With designing credentials like David Thomas's, and its own natural charm, the Vale do Milho is a golf course worth taking a trip to. Course Facilities Bunker Practice Area, Chipping Green, Driving Range, Golf Academy with Computer and Video Swing Analys er, Pro Shop, Putting Green, Snack Bar, Snooker Room Course Details Location: Praia do Carvoeiro, Lagoa, AlgarveCourse Type: Resort Architect/Designer: David Thomas Required Handicap: None Men’s Handicap: None Women’s Handicap: None Holes: 9 Par: 27 Yards: 1,012 Length: 926m Balaia Golf Course Course Information and Presentation Located within the confines of Balaia Golf Village (a resort and holiday establishment) between Albufeira and Vilamoura, the Balaia Golf Course caters to golfers of all ages and ranges of skill. Dubbed as the â€Å"Executive Course†, the Balaia Golf Course’s title indicates the high quality of its layout, with subtle changes that present great challenges for gofers of all handicaps.The Balaia Golf Course opened as a 9-hole course in 2001, its compact layout designed to challenge the golfer’s precision and shot length control—the course boosts the demands of a game and golfers are expected improve their iron shots and short games as a result. With subtle changes in the terrain and holes ranging from 58 to 160 meters, the ability to hit precise shots and deliver accurate puts are the secrets to scoring well on any game. The course is lovely to behold with its wooden bridges, lakes, manicured greenery, and elegant clubhouse serving as a backdrop.Located within a resort village, the Balaia Golf Course arguably has one of the most extensive amenities among the courses in the Algarve. A weekly 9-hole friendly tournament, the Stableford Tournament, is also open to all golfers every Wednesday. Course Facilities Bar and Restaurant, Beach Resort, Beauty Parlour, Bunkers, Chipping Green, Driving Range, Gift Shop, Golf Academy, Hairdresser, Health Club, Hotel, Indoor and Outdoor Swimming Pools, Medical Clinic, Men’s and Ladies’ Locker Rooms, Pitching Green, Pro Shop, Putting Green, Resident Professionals, Souvenir Shop and Tobacconist, Supermarket, Tennis Courts Course DetailsLocation: Balaia Golf Village, Albufeira, Algarve Course Type: Resort Architect/Designer: South Golf Required Handicap: Handicap Certificate Men’s Handicap: 28 Women’s Handicap: 36 Holes: 9 Par: 27 Yards: 1,076 Length: 984m Pine Cliffs Golf Course Course Information and Presentation The spectacular cliffs of Algarve, a breathtaking view of the Atlantic Ocean, a 9-hole golf course with the 9th hole affectionately called the â€Å"Devil's Parlour†Ã¢â‚¬â€all these are elements of the Pine Cliffs Golf Course, which is just a stone's throw away from the Sheraton Algarve Hotel. The Pine Cliffs was built in a pine woodland edging the cliffs of Algarve.It was opened in 1990, and was designed by Martin Hawtree, from Hawtree & Son of England (also the designers of the Cerregueira course). The â€Å"Devil's Parlour† is a hole located over a cliff with a 200-foot drop. Its Par 3 ninth is the signature hole, as it is 140 metres over the deep chasm. Par 4 is no less challenging, beca use the golfer's drive must go through a narrow gap between pine trees. But what makes Pine Cliffs a golf course worth going on a â€Å"pilgrimage† for is the challenge it poses to its players: nine holes, 2274 metres in length, and the famed 9th hole—the one over the ravine.Add to that the tempting beaches of Algarve and the fact that the Sheraton Algarve Hotel is a 5-star hotel. With all these amenities and features, a golfer would not want to miss playing this amazing Algarve golf course. Another â€Å"attraction† to the Pine Cliffs golf course is that its president is the British Formula One motor racing star Nigel Mansell. Course Facilities Bar and Restaurant, Chipping Green, Driving Range, Golf Academy, Golf Clubhouse, Golf Shop, Hotel, Men’s and Ladies’ Locker Rooms, Private Beach, Pro Shop, Putting Green, Swimming Pool, Tennis Court Course DetailsLocation: Pinhal do Concelho, Albufeira, Algarve Course Type: Links Course Category: Links Arch itect/Designer: Martin Hawtree Required Handicap: None Men’s Handicap: None Women’s Handicap: None Holes: 18 Par: 33 Yards: 6,690 Length: 2,274m Vilamoura Old Course Course Information and Presentation Vilamoura Old Course is a Frank Pennink masterpiece. One of the most popular on the Algarve, it is set on property that features a luxuriously green landscape, with tree-lined fairways that make it a challenge for golfers. Situated in the outskirts of Vilamoura, it is nestled close to Algarve's breathtaking beaches.The Old Course (Vilamoura l) was inaugurated in 1969, and then renovated in 1996. The Vilamoura Golf Courses, which feature three separate layouts, are part of the places-to-be in terms of where to golf in Europe. It had played host to the 1979 Portuguese Open, in which Brian Barnes won. The fairways had been renovated in 1997. Pine trees run through the verdant and lush fairways, and these add challenge to the game. The course starts with easy Par 4 holes. Th is would be a breeze for those who keep their golf balls on the fairway, as the green of the Par 4 holes can be reached with a deft drive.The highlights of the golf course include the highly challenging Par 3 holes, which would stretch a player's skill, for the player has to have great control over the ball, and his irons selected carefully. The trees make the game more challenging and the greens are small, making little room for error on the player's part. The behind-the-scenes are to be credited for the excellence of the Vilamoura Golf Courses: the excellent irrigation system keeps the green healthy, while the excellent staff is attentive to the golfers' needs.It is no surprise, then, that the Vilamoura Golf Course is one of the most favoured golfing destinations among all the other golf courses in Europe. Course Facilities Bar and Restaurant, Driving Range, Golf Clubhouse, Golf Shop, Men’s and Ladies’ Locker Rooms, Pro Shop, Putting Green Course Details Location: Vi lamoura, Quarteira, Algarve Course Type: Championship Course Category: Championship Architect/Designer: Frank Pennink Required Handicap: Certificate preferred Men’s Handicap: 28 Women’s Handicap: 36 Holes: 18 Par: 73 Yards: 6,970 Length: 6,254m Vilamoura Victoria Golf CourseCourse Information and Presentation Designed by renowned architect, Arnold Palmer, the Victoria Golf Course is considered one of Europe’s best, and is comparable to the creme de la creme of golf courses such as Oitavos. It one the latest golf courses to have opened in the Vilamoura area, it is currently one of the longest 18-hole courses in the whole of Portugal, with holes featuring a minimum of 5 tees for golfers of all handicaps. The Victoria Golf Course’s terrain is virtually flat, with a series of man-made mounds specially designed to mimic the shapes and outlines of inland hills.This feature gives a feeling of harmonious motion. Bodies of water have been etched on the landscape t o serve as an attractive backdrop to the course. Existing wetlands and native vegetation were also carefully preserved. The design of the Victoria Golf Course is one of the most sophisticated in Europe. Not one green among the 18 greens of the course is alike, as its design team created them to have totally different shapes, sizes, and consequently, difficulties. Local knowledge of the course layout and landscape is therefore an advantage.The 2005 World Golf Championships took place in the Victoria Golf Course—a testament to its excellent quality. Course Facilities Bar and Restaurant, Buggy Bar, Driving Range, Golf Clubhouse, Golf Shop, Men’s and Ladies’ Locker Rooms, Pro Shop, Putting Green, Valet Service Course Details Location: Vilamoura, Algarve Course Type: Championship Course Category: Championship Architect/Designer: Arnold Palmer Required Handicap: Handicap Certificate Men’s Handicap: 28 Women’s Handicap: 36 Holes: 18 Par: 72 Yards: 7,215 L ength: 6,560mVilamoura Pinhal Golf Course Course Information and Presentation A Frank Pennink masterpiece, the Vilamoura Pinhal Golf Course, also known as Vilamoura 2, is a beautiful course set on a rolling, meandering, countryside. It is lined with umbrella pine, and is more open than the Old Course. The greens are much smaller, however, and would require your shots to be 100 percent accurate. The Pinhal Golf Course is located on the outskirts of Vilamoura. It had to be redesigned by Trent Jones in 1985, due to urban development.He incorporated both British and American layout concepts in the remodelling of the golf course, thus, the golfer needs to employ different styles of playing to negotiate the layout of the course. The most challenging hole has to be hole 17. For a Par 5 championship tee, it has all of 502 meters, and is a pretty complicated shot, even to veteran golfers. But nonetheless, playing the Pinhal remains an extraordinary experience. One very attractive feature of the Pinhal Golf Course is the fact that it was built in the midst of breathtaking pine woodland.It also has a spectacular view of the sea, which makes playing on this course an absolutely delightful experience. A trivia: The Pinhal Golf Course was chosen for the use of the 1988 Portuguese Ladies' Open, a part of the professional European circuit for women. Course Facilities Bar and Restaurant, Chipping Green, Coffee Shop, Driving Range, Golf Clubhouse, Golf Shop, Men’s and Ladies’ Locker Rooms, Pro Shop, Putting Green Course Details Location: Vilamoura, Quarteira, Algarve Course Type: Championship Course Category: Championship Architect/Designer: Frank PennickRequired Handicap: Certificate preferred Men’s Handicap: 28 Women’s Handicap: 36 Holes: 18 Par: 72 Yards: 6,400 Length: 6,300m Vilamoura Laguna Golf Course Course Information and Presentation The Vilamoura Laguna Golf Course (also known as Vilamoura 3), designed by Joseph Lee and William Roquemore, i s located on the periphery of Vilamoura, near the breathtaking coastline of the Algarve. The Laguna Golf Course opened its doors in 1990. It sports three nine-hole courses, with ten lakes scattered all throughout the grounds. For the greenery, the designers chose Bermuda grass.Being close to the sea, the Laguna Golf Course has wet, marshy grounds, which pose a challenge to even the most serious of players. Water is a constant contention, and bunkers have been strategically placed to provide challenge to the players. Precision in the placement of both the tee and the fairway shots are needed, and the greens have to be approached accurately. The course is a Par 72 game in all the 18-hole courses. Water hazards have been scattered all throughout the course, not to mention that the grounds are marshy and near the sea. Care is to be taken with choosing the clubs to use, because of the challenges that dot the course.While the course is challenge-filled, it is not that long a course, relat ively—a golfer can thus play without straining himself too much. Pleasure—sports-wise and aesthetics-wise—await the golfer out for a relaxing time on the green. Every second you spent in the course is a sheer pleasure. Course Facilities Bar and Restaurant, Buggy Bar, Bunker Practice Area, Chipping Green, Driving Range, Golf Shop, Pro Shop, Putting Green Course Details Location: Vilamoura, Quarteira, Algarve Course Type: Championship Course Category: Championship Architect/Designer: Joseph LeeRequired Handicap: Certificate preferred Men’s Handicap: 28 Women’s Handicap: 36 Holes: 18 Par: 72 Yards: 6,746 Length: 6,133m Vila Sol Golf Course Course Information and Presentation The Vila Sol is in between Vilamoura and the Quinta do Lago. Opened in 1991, it is already one of the main places to go to in terms of golfing in Portugal. The Vila Sol Golf Course, a sprawling course designed by Donald Steel, is home to 27 holes categorized as Prime (holes 1-9), Challenge (10-18), and Prestige (19-27). It operates as three 9-hole loops, and requires accurate shots in its pristinely kept green.The Vila Sol is wrapped around a massive pine woodland, where fig, oak and almond trees abound. The architectural style used here is that of the British school—this poses a bit of a challenge to the golfer's strategic skills, especially with the trees, lakes and bunkers dotting through the entire golf course. The most difficult holes on the entire course are always the first four holes. If a golfer wants a low overall score, he better work hard on those four early in the game. The Vila Sol features sceneries of diverse woodlands and a challenging game to boot. Its charm partly lies in its great variety of trees.What makes it the ultimate in golfing experience however, is the fact that it is home to excellent and well-kept facilities. In the years 1992 and 1993, it was selected for the Portuguese Open, which sealed its international acclaim. Cour se Facilities Bar and Restaurant, Beach Club, Chipping Green, Driving Range, Golf Academy, Golf Clubhouse, Golf Shop, Men’s and Ladies’ Locker Rooms, Pro Shop, Putting Greens, Sauna, Tennis Court, Tennis Court, Turkish Bath Course Details Location: Vilamoura, Quarteira, Algarve Course Type: Championship Course Category: Championship Architect/Designer: Donald SteeleRequired Handicap: Handicap Certificate Men’s Handicap: 27 Women’s Handicap: 35 Holes: 18 Par: 72 Yards: 6,762 Length: 6,242m Vale do Lobo Ocean Golf Course Course Information and Presentation Vale do Lobo Ocean Golf Course, situated east of Vilamoura, is one of the most famous courses in Europe, with its 16th hole (which features a tee over two ravines) being arguably the most photographed hole in the world. The hole plays to a green located over a deep ravine in the cliffs. As one of the oldest golf courses in the province, it has placed the Algarve on the map as one of the best golfing desti nations in the world.It opened in 1966 and served as a venue for the Portugal Ladies Open (part of the WPG European Tour) in 1987, as well as the Portuguese Open in 2003. Much of the Vale do Lobo Ocean Golf Course is situated near the Atlantic sea, which serves as a breathtaking backdrop for golf games. Winding through thick pine forests before getting to the Ocean holes, the winds passing through the Vale do Lobo Ocean Golf Course is challenge to even the most experienced golfer. With narrow fairways, precision and accuracy are important for a getting a good score.Olive, pine, orange, and eucalyptus trees abound, creating excellent and challenging training conditions. Course Facilities Bar and Restaurant, Beach, Chipping Green, Driving Range, Golf Academy, Golf Clubhouse, Golf Shop, Men’s and Ladies’ Locker Rooms, Practice Balls, Practice Green, Practice Net, Pro Shop, Putting Green, Swimming Pool, Tennis Court Course Details Location: Vale do Lobo, Almancil, Algarve Course Type: Championship Course Category: Championship Architect/Designer: Sir Henry Cotton Required Handicap: Certificate preferred Men’s Handicap: 28 Women’s Handicap: 36 Holes: 18 Par: 72 Yards: 5,799Length: 5,495m Pinheiros Altos Golf Course Course Information and Presentation The Pinheiros Altos Golf Course is located eighteen kilometres east of Vilamoura in Quinta do Lago. Designed by American architect Ronald Fream and opened in June of 1992, this over 6-kilometer long golf course is the site of professional golfer pilgrimage before tournament seasons begin. The point of seduction is the spacious practice ground that includes three putting greens, bunker areas, and chip shots, along with several other greens. There are also comprehensive golfing programmes for golfers of all skill levels.Included in these programmes are video analyses of golfers' swings. The Pinheiros Altos is so constructed that the first nine holes are built on sandy, hilly ground lined with umbrella pine trees, while the back nine are on level ground peppered with lakes that translate into water hazards, and even sticky sand traps that challenge even the most skilled of players. What makes the Pinheiros Altos Golf Course extraordinary is not just the fact that it is an avenue for golfers to practice; what is more alluring about it is that it is just beside the Natural Park of Ria Formosa, home to a diverse array of bird species, and intriguing flora.Beyond the exotic charm of the nature park beside it and its use as a practice ground, the excellent upkeep of the Pinheiros Altos is what makes it a golfing destination worth going to, especially for the most devoted of golfers. Course Facilities Bar and Restaurant, Buggies, Bunker Practice Area, Caddy, Chipping Green, Club Fitting Centre, Driving Range, Golf Academy, Golf Clubhouse, Golf Shop, Pro Shop, Putting Green, Trolleys Course Details Location: Quinta do Lago, Almancil, Algarve Course Type: Championship Course Cate gory: ChampionshipArchitect/Designer: Ronald Fream Required Handicap: Certificate preferred Men’s Handicap: 28 Women’s Handicap: 36 Holes: 18 Par: 72 Yards: 6,615 Length: 6,049m Quinta do Lago North Golf Course (formerly Ria Formosa) Course Information and Presentation Located in heart of town, the Quinta do Lago North Course is considered to have the best finishing holes in the Algarve. The course provides an excellent test of ability for players of all handicap levels. Its terrain—with sandy soil, dense umbrella pine forests, and various vegetations—offers very different challenges.Three architects designed it: William Mitchell designed holes 1-5 and 15-18, while Joseph Lee and Rocky Roquemore designed holes 6-14. Accuracy and the right selection of golf club is an important aspect of winning a game. The course features four par 5 holes that require hard and solid drives, as well as great accuracy, to play well and get good scores. The Par 4 holes are m ostly doglegs, with the exception of the 10th and 13th holes. The ability to negotiate winds plays a big part when playing in the par 3 holes.The lakes on the 13th and 18th holes pose as daunting obstacles and have claimed many balls. The bunkering is top-notch, both on the fairways and the greens, and gives the course an edge over many other courses of similar quality and design. Course Facilities Bars, Boutique, Chipping Green, Driving Range, Golf Academy, Golf Clubhouse, Golf Shop, Men’s and Ladies’ Locker Rooms, Pro Shop, Putting Green, Restaurants, Tennis Court, Trolleys Course Details Location: Quinta do Lago, Almancil, Algarve Course Type: Championship Course Category: ChampionshipArchitect/Designer: William Mitchell Required Handicap: Certificate preferred Men’s Handicap: 28 Women’s Handicap: 36 Holes: 18 Par: 72 Yards: 7,074 Length: 6,205m Sao Lourenco (San Lorenzo) Golf Course Course Information and Presentation The Sao Lourenco is a very celebr ated golf course, rated the second best golf course in Europe by the Golf World magazine. It was designed by Joseph Lee and William Roquemore, and is exclusive to Dona Filipa and Penina guests. Situated beside the Atlantic Ocean, the Sao Lourenco boasts a diverse terrain of pine trees, and even lakes and beaches.What adds more charm to this golf course is the fact that it is beside the Ria Formosa Park in Quinta do Lago. The Ria Formosa is home to exotic flora and fauna, thus, golfers who want to unwind can enjoy nature at its most enticing just a stone's throw away. The entire course is a challenging Par 72, at 6,238 meters in length. The 5th hole allows the golfer to catch a glimpse of the Ria Formosa, while the 6th and 7th holes flirt with the wetlands. It also has the legendary 8th hole, which requires three absolutely perfect shots to get to the green.Even the best players of Portugal had trouble negotiating this 8th hole. Course Facilities Bag Drop, Bar and Restaurant, Boutiqu e, Buggies, Bunker Practice Area, Chipping Green, Club Hire, Driving Range, Golf Academy, Golf Clubhouse, Golf Shop, Men’s and Ladies’ Locker Rooms, Practice Balls, Pro Shop, Putting Green Course Details Location: Vale do Lobo, Almancil, Algarve Course Type: Championship Course Category: Links Architect/Designer: Joseph Lee Required Handicap: Certificate preferred Men’s Handicap: 28 Women’s Handicap: 36 Holes: 18 Par: 72 Yards: 6,860 Length: 6,238m